作品介绍
羌年
作者:周巍峙,蒋彬 整理日期:2015-11-23 14:53:43
羌年是羌族*重要的节日之一,是了解其传统文化的一把钥匙。 本书简介: “羌年”也称“羌历年”,每年农历十月初一举行,一般持续3天,是羌族一年一度的传统节日,是涵盖整个羌族地区的大型民间祭祀与社区聚会活动,其主要内涵为敬天还愿、感恩丰收。 目录: 综述...............................................001 一、羌年的起源与分布区域.............................003 二、羌年的基本活动与过程.............................014 三、羌年的现状.......................................017 四、羌年的意义和功能.................................019 志略...............................................023 一、节日时空.........................................025 羌历.........................................................025 羌年节期.....................................................026 火塘.........................................................026 坝子.........................................................027 祭祀塔.......................................................027 神山.........................................................028 神树林.......................................................029 目录: 综述...............................................001 一、羌年的起源与分布区域.............................003 二、羌年的基本活动与过程.............................014 三、羌年的现状.......................................017 四、羌年的意义和功能.................................019 志略...............................................023 一、节日时空.........................................025 羌历.........................................................025 羌年节期.....................................................026 火塘.........................................................026 坝子.........................................................027 祭祀塔.......................................................027 神山.........................................................028 神树林.......................................................029 萨朗歌舞广场.................................................029 北川青片避灾广场.............................................030 北川青片环翠羌魂广场.........................................030 二、组织.............................................031 会首.........................................................032 释比.........................................................033 刮师母.......................................................034 牛亲家.......................................................034 牛王会.......................................................035 羌年协会.....................................................035 三、节日缘起.........................................036 羌年起源传说.................................................036 木姐珠与斗安珠...............................................036 天神木比塔...................................................037 山神.........................................................037 火神.........................................................038 寨主神.......................................................039 川主.........................................................039 牛马二王.....................................................040 白石神.......................................................040 树神.........................................................041 四、仪式活动.........................................042 取神羊耳朵...................................................042 诵祭祀还愿经.................................................043 封山.........................................................043 关闭害兽.....................................................044 家祭.........................................................045 插旗.........................................................045 比格卓(释比出师仪式).......................................046 释比禁忌.....................................................046 村民禁忌.....................................................047 乡规民约.....................................................047 五、表演艺术与口头传统...............................047 韶西.........................................................048 马马灯.......................................................048 十二花灯.....................................................049 坝底花棒社火.................................................050 羊皮鼓舞.....................................................051 萨朗舞.......................................................052 多声部民歌...................................................053 花儿纳吉.....................................................053 迎亲歌.......................................................054 十二月歌.....................................................054 羌戈大战.....................................................056 六、节日用品.........................................056 咂酒.........................................................057 咂酒杆.......................................................058 荞面饼子.....................................................059 羌膘肉.......................................................059 洋芋糍粑.....................................................060 金裹银.......................................................060 血肠.........................................................060 坝坝宴.......................................................060 羊皮褂.......................................................062 烟荷包.......................................................062 腰带.........................................................063 围腰.........................................................063 尖尖鞋.......................................................064 云云鞋.......................................................064 羌红.........................................................065 羌绣.........................................................066 头帕.........................................................066 麻布衣.......................................................067 羌族火镰.....................................................068 围腰银领扣...................................................068 柏枝.........................................................069 铁三脚.......................................................069 杉树杆.......................................................070 直得国拉.....................................................071 神绳.........................................................072 青稞籽.......................................................072 猴头祖师爷...................................................073 羊...........................................................074 月亮馍馍.....................................................074 太阳馍馍.....................................................075 公鸡.........................................................076 母鸡.........................................................076 神灯.........................................................077 背篼.........................................................078 香...........................................................078 蜡烛.........................................................078 神水.........................................................079 小弓箭.......................................................079 面老鼠.......................................................080 羊油.........................................................080 猴头帽.......................................................080 灯笼.........................................................081 羊皮鼓.......................................................082 神杖.........................................................083 响盘.........................................................083 法印.........................................................084 法器袋.......................................................085 香笼、香筒...................................................085 牛角号.......................................................086 火枪.........................................................086 羌笛.........................................................086 口弦.........................................................087 唢呐.........................................................088 调查报告..........................................089 2010年四川省邛崃市油榨乡直台村羌年节调查报告..............091 2010年四川省邛崃市南宝乡木梯村羌年调查报告................113 2010年四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州理县桃坪乡桃坪羌寨羌年调查 报告.................................................129 2010年四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州汶川县龙溪乡阿尔村白家夺寨羌年 调查报告..................................................142 2012年四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州茂县羌年调查报告............156 2012年四川省绵阳市北川羌族自治县青片乡羌年调查报告........179 2009年四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州理县蒲溪乡休溪村羌年祭山会专题 调查报告..................................................211 2010年四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州理县桃坪乡桃坪羌寨羌年释比专题 调查报告..................................................231 参考文献..........................................242 后记...............................................246 综述 “羌年”也称“羌历年”,羌语称为“日麦吉”或“尔玛吉”。羌年,是羌族一年一度的传统节日,每年农历十月初一举行,一般持续3天。羌年是涵盖整个羌族地区的大型民间祭祀与社区聚会活动,主要分布在四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州汶川县、理县、茂县和四川省绵阳市北川羌族自治县等羌族聚居区,以及与之毗邻的阿坝藏族羌族自治州松潘县、黑水县与绵阳市平武县等相关的羌族地区。近年来,特别是2008年汶川大地震之后,分布在其他城乡地区的羌族,也开始过传统的羌年。 一、羌年的起源与分布区域 (一)羌年的起源与流变 由于羌族没有文字,羌年的起源已无从查考。但从羌年庆丰收还愿这个核心内容来看,该年节的起源当与羌民从游牧到定居有关。从民间口头传承以及相关的史料来看,羌年已有很长的历史。在羌族地区,至今还流传着这样一个神话故事。相传天神木比塔的幺女木姐珠,看上了羌族小伙子斗安珠,决定下凡与斗安珠结婚。天神木比塔开始并不同意,但木姐珠态度坚决,加上天神木比塔很是喜欢自己的幺女,最后同意了木姐珠下凡,并以草木和粮食种籽及飞禽走兽为嫁妆,下嫁人间。之后,人类很快繁衍,树种成了森林,粮种带来了五谷丰登,并且六畜兴旺。秋收后她感念父母的恩惠,用丰收的粮食、肥壮的牲畜向天祷告,感谢天神的庇佑。这一天,正好是羌年十月初一。后来,羌族人民就把这一天作为自己的节日。就没有文字的民族而言,口头传说往往蕴含了他们的历史记忆。在身口相传的释比经典中,有不少释比经典涉及羌年的内容。例如,释比经典《安家神》的唱词中就有:十月之时敬神时,刀头再加猪油饼,神要先吃再凡人。三十初一是过年,先没敬神不敢吃,神要先吃再凡人,神要先喝再凡人。1另外,四川大学钱安靖于1983年在汶川县龙溪乡,记录了释比余明海、朱顺才演唱的释比经典“凿”(羌语音译,意为采花)。该唱词以花为背景,形象地展开了羌区一年十个月的节气、物候特征。
|
|